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• Posted By : Medline Academics
• Posted On : May 30, 2025
• Views : 6
• Category : Soccer
• Description :
• Location : Bangalore

Overview

• Infertility - What exactly is this? - Failure of a couple to conceive after one year of unprotected and regular coitus. The couple is together but not using any kind of contraceptives and the other thing important is regular intercourse means they should be staying together for that one year and the coital frequency should be normal and if in this case they fail to conceive over a period of one year then we call it as infertility.

  Types of Infertility:

  • Primary Infertility
  • Secondary Infertility

  What is primary?

  Couple conception has never occurred before that is primary infertility

  What is Secondary?

  They have either one abortion or a live birth or a dead foetus was born means that couple has conceived before and now because of some reasons they are unable to conceive. This is called as secondary infertility.

  Physiological infertility before menarche every female is infertile after menopause and during lactational period these are the physiologically infertile periods because of absence of ovulation.

  What is sterility?

  Sterility is little different from infertility less used terminology but it is absolute inability to conceive maybe because of some congenital or acquired irreversible losses of functional gametes in that couple or in either of parents.

  Fecundability – It is probability of achieving pregnancy in a single cycle.

  Fecundity - It is probability of achieving a live birth in a single menstrual cycle.

  The difference is one says that achieving pregnancy and the other one says achieving live birth. Fecundability is achieving pregnancy in a single menstrual cycle and fecundity is achieving live birth in a single menstrual cycle. According to WHO, positive reproductive health considers everything a woman and her state of complete physical mental and social well-being and just not the absence of disease related to the reproductive tract. The reproductive health is not just related with genital tract. It is related with her complete physical complete physical complete mental and social well-being then only we can call it as positive reproductive health of a woman.

  Incidence of Infertility

  This incidence of infertility is around 15 percent. Optimal age of conception is 20 to 35 years in a woman as the age advances beyond 35 or 40 fertility rate gets reduced in more commonly in females. If there is conception there is risk of chances of malformed baby being formed or chromosomally abnormal child being born because now the age of the ova is advancing and, in that case, chromosomal abnormalities become more common.

  For male age is less important in comparison with females but still if males have 50 years and above age in a couple then they also have decreased fertility because of decreased libido and sexual dysfunctions they are very common as the age advances so because of that fertility rate decreases.

  Why this is important because whatever definition (covered in Basic Infertility Course)  we have applied of one year duration that the couple staying together having frequent regular coitus without any contraceptives if they fail to conceive over a period of one year then we say that let's investigate them they are infertile but if the age of the couple either of the one the parent or the patient in that couple is more if female is more than 35 years or the male is elderly beyond 45 50 years then we need not wait for one year we can start investigating that couple with less period maybe six months of time we can give them because we all know that the rate of fertility will go down.

  Investigate if the female is beyond 35 years. In infertility we have two patients together everything is together history taking we have to take history from both of them because it's a combined disease. Everything would be simultaneously done in both of them. The major goals of treatment of infertility are we want to identify the cause who which factor who is responsible and treat them accordingly as early as possible.

  • Provide them accurate information in the first stage of counselling
  • prepare them that they have to go through all these things
  • we can also talk to them about alternative methods of conception
  • we have to give them hopes that this is not the end
  • we can treat many of the disorders.

  There are options from IVF to surrogacy we have to assure them that they are quite capable of having a child and that generates a positive attitude in the patient and that helps a lot in treating infertility patient.

  Female and Male Factor Infertility

  In infertility, we also have female factors and male factors.

  Female Factor:

  • Ovulatory
  • Tubal and uterine

  Male Factor:

  Male factor itself shares almost 30 to 40 percent of the responsibility of the total infertile couple group ovulatory. The problems in ovulation 20 to 40 percent tubal pathologies along with uterine 30 to 40 percent.

  • Whenever we start interrogating the couple we have to talk about coital history. It is very important sometimes they come with infertility but when we talk to them about the coital history we come to know that whatever coitus is taking place is not proper it's not happening the right way and that's the simple reason that why they are unable to conceive.
  • If there is vaginismus, a female is very anxious or because of some other reasons because of some pathological reasons there is hyperesthesia which leads to spasm of the sphincter vagina and levator adenine muscles. When she goes ahead with coitus or you can find that it is the reason that the coitus is not taking place properly. The sperms are not getting deposited where they should be getting deposited. There is no point evaluating them further this is the basic reason dyspareunia that means difficult or painful intercourse.
  • Fixed retroversion with prolapsed ovaries

  Ovaries are prolapsed in pouch of Douglass there is fixed retroversion and because of which whenever there is coitus that causes tremendous pain inflamed adenixal diseases teomasis abscesses salpingitis tube ovarian masses all these can lead to very painful coitus.

  • Pelvic endometriosis again a main reason for dysperionia. In such cases either the patient is very uncomfortable or she doesn't go for it. She tries to avoid it that reduces the frequency and that leads to infertility again. Anxiety maybe because of some previous unfortunate incidences or whatever ways that female has been hurt before there can be severe anxiety generated in the female before she goes for coitus and that can also lead to infertility.

  Conception is not just restricted to the reproductive tract, it is also related to brain hypothalamus, and the feelings too. It's not just limited to a genital tract; There has to be a complete hypothalamus axis working together to have beautiful conception to occur in the uterine cavity.

  Causes of female infertility (Check for this in an IVF Clinic Near Me)

  • Ovarian factors - 20 to 40 percent - most common and the fortunate thing is it is treatable and the success rate is very high.
  • The problems which will lead to an ovulation is polycystic ovarian disease in which the ovum the graphene follicle is developing to a certain state but not going further. There is accumulation around the periphery of the ovary and ovulation is just not taking place, periods are irregular. Maybe this patient is having PCOD/ PCOS.
  • Obesity, acne, hirsutism along with these menstrual symptoms
  • Luteal phase defect
  • Progesterone deficiency progesterone deficiency leading to defective implantation and thus there will be no conception hypothyroidism.
  • Hyperprolactinemia uncontrolled diabetes these are all endocrine causes which will also lead to an ovulation hypothalamus is the one from where the whole menstrual cycle starts.
  • Hypothalamus secretes Gnrh which goes and acts on pituitary that secretes gonadotroph in the form of FSH and LH which goes and acts on the ovary and then there is selection of the follicle and ovulation takes place but if this hypothalamus is not working properly there is dysfunction.
  • Tubes have very important role in fertility. They have the fimbria they have to pick up the released egg take it through the ciliary through the tube with the help of the ciliary movements of the ciliated epithelium of the fallopian tube. It carries the sperm ascends and then there’s a fusion. The embryo in early stages has to be transferred to the uterine cavity. If the tubes are blocked either partially or completely both the things will not happen and there would be infertility.
  • Uterine factors again very important thing almost they combine they form 30 to 40 percent causes from congenital malformations till fibroids.
  • Absence of uterus - patient may come to us as a symptom of infertility and when we investigate, we come to know that uterus is totally absent.
  • Asherman's syndrome - synechia formation or adhesion formation inside the uterine cavity they may happen because of overgenus or vigorous curettage especially if this curettage is done either for pph postpartum. It can also happen after any abortion process or post-abortal, purpural, post-myometomy, post-metroplasty.
  • Oligomenorrhea or hypomenorrhea when the blood loss is less amenorrhoea can also be there or else there would be repeated pregnancy losses
  • The fibroids are more towards the uterine cavity and is likely to affect the fertility again. This is because the cavity is either obliterated or they can block the sperm entry
  • Tuberculosis endometritis is also very common endometrial polyps or exposure in the uterus, so this may also affect fertility of that female.
  • Cervical factors - after coitus semen gets deposited in the posterior pharynx and sperm they have this reaction with the cervical mucus. If there are antibodies present in the cervical mucus against these sperms then naturally the forward movement of the sperms would be affected and there would be infertility.

  What is required for fertility is progressive movement further because sperms have to travel from the cervical external ores till the fallopian tube in a stipulated time. An egg survives for 24 hours sperms may survive for 48 - 72 hours.

  • The menstrual history will tell us whether she is having ovulatory menses or anovulatory menses. We should always rule out history of tuberculosis diabetes thyroid diseases in that particular female.
  • The coital history in which we should ask about the frequency whether the coitus is taking place properly is there any history of contraception being used so this history guides us going towards which factor is involved in that particular couple.
  • When we examine the patient, we should also take the height of the patient first because most of the syndromes the height is quite important to diagnose certain syndromes.
  • Weight obesity affects, underweight affects anorexia.
  • Hormonal imbalances
  • Signs of hirsutism that will tell us whether she has any PCOD kind of picture so see that whether she has extra hair growth on her body
  • Look for thyroid swelling palpate, lymph nodes, breast examination is very important in a infertile female because if there is galactoria or some secretions found that suggest high level of prolactin
  • Then we can either go for that prolactin you know that it depresses FSH and LH
  • There can be even propitiatory tumours
  • Breast for some secretions is very important. From the breast growth you can get some clue towards any syndrome in present in that particular patient even peri areolar hair would suggest of PCOD so don't miss breast examination

  This blog basically covered everything a Basic Infertility Course in India will cover. Do also check or your eligibility and the IVF course fees before registering to any of the courses.

  One academic organization that offers distant learning and online courses to health care customers is Medline Academics. Its programs are extensive, classified, and designed to be as versatile as possible while maintaining realism and simplicity in real life and working in tandem with contemporary medical solutions. These courses, which come in a special online/blended format, are intended especially for physicians who wish to broaden their areas of expertise in embryology and infertility treatment. Additionally, Medline Academics ensures both breadth and depth of coverage, which makes it ideal for healthcare professionals.

  IVF Centre near me?

  One of Bangalore's top fertility clinics, Dr. Kamini Rao Hospitals offers cutting-edge IVF treatments together with humane care. The relevant hospitals target patients and couples who wish to have children, focusing on infertility solutions including IVF, IUI, and other complex operations in human reproduction. Additionally, thanks to the highly skilled medical leadership of Dr. Kamini Rao and her creative approach to health care management, the medical facilities offer package services that encompass full-service reproductive care, gynecological operations, and high-risk pregnancy management. Their advanced equipment gives them a beacon of hope for families in Bangalore and other parts of India, and they voluntarily treat each patient as if they were a valued member of the family.