Understanding ADHD: An Overview

ADHD, often characterised by persistent patterns of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity, can manifest in various forms. The three primary types of ADHD are inattentive, hyperactive-impulsive, and combined. Inattentive ADHD is marked by difficulties in sustaining attention, frequent careless mistakes, and trouble organising tasks. Hyperactive-impulsive ADHD is defined by excessive fidgeting, difficulty remaining seated, and impulsive decision-making. The combined type includes symptoms from both categories, resulting in a more complex presentation. For individuals with ADHD, these symptoms can significantly impact their daily life, affecting academic performance, professional tasks, and social interactions. I recall a friend who struggled with inattentive ADHD throughout her school years; she often felt overwhelmed by the demands of her studies despite her intelligence. Understanding these symptoms can help individuals and their support systems create effective strategies for managing ADHD.

Recognising the Symptoms of ADHD

ADHD symptoms are not uniform and can vary widely among individuals, particularly between children and adults. In children, symptoms often include inattentiveness, such as difficulty following instructions, losing items frequently, and being easily distracted. Hyperactivity in children may present as fidgeting, running around in inappropriate situations, and talking excessively. In adults, symptoms can evolve into more subtle forms, such as chronic procrastination, difficulty managing time, and restlessness. Impulsivity may also manifest as impulsive spending or interrupting others in conversations. My brother, diagnosed with ADHD in his teens, often faced challenges in maintaining focus during lectures, leading to lower grades despite his capability. Recognising these symptoms across different age groups is crucial for timely diagnosis and intervention.

The ADHD Diagnosis Process

Diagnosing ADHD involves a systematic approach that typically begins with a comprehensive evaluation by a healthcare professional. The process often starts with an initial assessment, where the clinician gathers information about the individual's behaviour, developmental history, and any existing medical conditions. Interviews with parents, teachers, and the individual themselves can provide valuable insights into the symptoms' impact on daily functioning. Behavioural evaluations may also be conducted to observe symptoms in different settings. It’s important to note that there's no single test for ADHD; rather, it requires a thorough assessment of various factors. A close friend of mine went through this process, and she described feeling relieved as she gained a better understanding of her challenges through the evaluative discussions with her clinician.

Criteria for ADHD Diagnosis

The criteria for diagnosing ADHD are outlined in authoritative sources like the DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders). To meet the criteria, an individual must exhibit a certain number of symptoms associated with inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity, persisting for at least six months, and these symptoms should interfere with their functioning in social, academic, or occupational settings. Additionally, symptoms must be present before the age of 12 and manifest in more than one setting, such as at home and school. Understanding these criteria is essential for both individuals seeking diagnosis and healthcare professionals conducting evaluations, as it provides a structured framework for identifying ADHD accurately.