Understanding ADHD: An Overview

ADHD is characterised by persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that interfere with functioning or development. The disorder is typically categorised into three types: predominantly inattentive presentation, predominantly hyperactive-impulsive presentation, and combined presentation. Common misconceptions about ADHD include the belief that it is merely a childhood disorder or that it is a result of poor parenting. However, research indicates that ADHD can persist into adulthood, affecting various aspects of life, including education, work, and personal relationships. Accurate diagnosis is essential, as it lays the foundation for effective treatment options that can significantly improve the quality of life for those affected. It is crucial to dispel myths surrounding ADHD to foster a more supportive environment for individuals seeking help.

The Diagnosis Process: Steps and Criteria

The journey to an ADHD diagnosis typically begins with an initial screening, which may involve questionnaires or surveys designed to assess the presence of symptoms. Following this, a comprehensive evaluation is conducted, which includes interviews with the individual and their family, school reports, and behavioural assessments. Healthcare professionals may also consider the individual's medical history and any coexisting conditions that could influence symptoms. A thorough assessment is essential to rule out other potential causes of the symptoms, such as anxiety or learning disabilities. Once a detailed evaluation is completed, consultations with specialists, such as psychologists or psychiatrists, may be necessary to confirm the diagnosis. This collaborative approach ensures that every aspect of the individual's behaviour and history is taken into account, allowing for an accurate and informed diagnosis.

Criteria Used for Diagnosis

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), provides specific criteria for diagnosing ADHD. To qualify for a diagnosis, an individual must exhibit at least six symptoms of inattention or hyperactivity/impulsivity that are inappropriate for their developmental level. These symptoms must be present for at least six months and must have a negative impact on social, academic, or occupational functioning. Inattention may manifest as difficulty organising tasks, frequent careless mistakes, or forgetfulness in daily activities. Hyperactivity may present as excessive fidgeting, difficulty remaining seated, or talking excessively. Impulsivity can include interrupting others, difficulty waiting for one’s turn, or making hasty decisions without considering consequences. Understanding these criteria is vital for parents, educators, and individuals themselves to recognise when professional evaluation is necessary.

Common Symptoms of ADHD

ADHD symptoms can vary widely between individuals, often manifesting differently in children and adults. For children, symptoms may include constant restlessness, difficulty following instructions, and challenges in maintaining focus during classroom activities. A friend of mine, whose son was diagnosed with ADHD at a young age, shared how his son struggled with completing homework and often mislaid important school materials. In contrast, adults with ADHD may experience challenges with time management, organisation, and maintaining relationships. Adults might not exhibit hyperactive behaviours but may struggle with inattentiveness, resulting in overlooked details and missed deadlines. It is essential to note that while symptoms can be distressing, many individuals with ADHD also possess unique strengths, such as creativity and problem-solving skills. Understanding these symptoms can help foster a supportive environment that celebrates both challenges and strengths.