Understanding ADHD: What It Is

ADHD is characterised by patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that interfere with functioning or development. It is classified as a mental health disorder that affects both children and adults, though symptoms may present differently across age groups. The brain plays a significant role in regulating attention and impulse control, and research suggests that ADHD is linked to differences in brain structure and function. Factors such as genetics, environmental influences, and prenatal exposures can contribute to the risk of developing ADHD. Understanding these aspects is essential for fostering a supportive environment for individuals with ADHD.

Common Symptoms of ADHD

The primary symptoms of ADHD can be categorised into three areas: inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. Each of these symptoms can manifest differently depending on age and individual circumstances. For instance, a child may struggle to stay focused in school, while an adult might find it challenging to complete tasks at work. Recognising these symptoms can help in understanding how ADHD affects daily life and relationships.

Inattention

Inattention is marked by a persistent difficulty in focusing on tasks, following instructions, and organising activities. Children may frequently lose school supplies, forget to complete homework, or seem easily distracted by extraneous stimuli. Adults might struggle with meeting deadlines, maintaining attention during conversations, or managing household responsibilities. A friend of mine, who has ADHD, often shares how she would start multiple projects but find it hard to finish any of them, leading to feelings of frustration and inadequacy.

Hyperactivity

Hyperactivity is characterised by excessive movement and difficulty remaining still. Children with ADHD may run around in inappropriate situations or have trouble staying seated during class. In contrast, adults might display restlessness or a constant need to be engaged in activities. This difference can lead to challenges in professional environments, where sitting through long meetings can be particularly difficult. I recall a colleague who would bounce his leg under the table during meetings, a habit he developed to cope with his need for physical movement.

Impulsivity

Impulsivity involves acting without thinking, which can result in interrupting others, difficulty waiting for one's turn, and making hasty decisions. For children, this might look like blurting out answers in class before being called on or playing games without following the rules. Adults may struggle with impulsive spending or making snap judgments in social settings, often leading to misunderstandings. One of my friends often jokes about his tendency to interrupt conversations, a trait that has caused some awkward situations but is also endearing to his close friends.

Identifying ADHD: Diagnosis and Assessment

Diagnosing ADHD typically involves a comprehensive assessment, including interviews, questionnaires, and observations from parents, teachers, and healthcare providers. The criteria for diagnosis are outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), which includes specific symptoms that must be present for at least six months. Accurate diagnosis is critical as it informs treatment options and support strategies. Many individuals find that understanding their diagnosis is a pivotal step in managing ADHD effectively and improving their quality of life.